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First.
The Bronze Age is, with respect to a given society, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) utilised bronze. This could either be based on the local smelting of copper and tin from ores, or (as in Scandinavia) trading for bronze from production areas elsewhere. Many, though not all, bronze age societies flourished in prehistory.
As regard to metal working, the naturally occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before 3000 BCE. The Bronze Age is regarded as the second part of a three-age system for prehistoric societies, though there are some cultures that have extensive written records during their Bronze Ages. In this system, in some areas of the world the Bronze Age followed the Neolithic age. On the other hand, in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the Neolithic age is directly followed by the Iron Age. In some parts of the world, a Copper Age follows the Neolithic Age and precedes the Bronze Age.
The place and time of the invention of bronze are controversial. It is possible that bronzing was invented independently in the Maykop culture in the North Caucasus as far back as the mid 4th millennium BCE, which would make them the makers of the oldest known bronze; however, others date the same Maykop artifacts to the mid 3rd millennium BCE. However, the Maykop culture only had arsenic bronze, which is a naturally occurring alloy. Tin bronze, which developed later, requires more sophisticated production techniques; tin has to be mined (mainly as the tin ore cassiterite) and smelted separately, then added to molten copper to make the bronze alloy. The Bronze Age was a time of heavy metal usage.
The Altai Mountains in what is now southern Russia and central China have been identified as the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon.[2] It is conjectured that climatic problems in this region around the start of the second millennium BCE created ecological, economic and political changes which triggered a rapid and massive migration of peoples westward into northeast Europe and eastward into southeast China, Vietnam and Thailand across a frontier of some 4,000 miles.[2] This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east employing the same metal working technology and, in some areas, horse breeding and riding. [2] It is further conjectured that this phenomenon may have been the medium through which the Uralic group of languages spread across Europe and Asia, ultimately producing 39 modern languages including Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian and Lappish.
You started with the reference to footnote [2]. Where is [1]? And where is the actual note? Plagiarism FAIL.
o rly?
ya rly
PLAGIARISM! This is right off Wikipedia.
It is indeed, my good sir.
My complaint about Messier:
I am writing on behalf of myself and a few of my friends to state that there can be no argument that Messier’s atavistic values lead him to move amoral alcoholism from the picayunish fringe into a realm of respectability. To start, his spin doctors actually believe the bunkum they’re always mouthing. That’s because these classes of heartless sots are idealistic, have no sense of history or human nature, and they think that what they’re doing will improve the world sooner or later. In reality, of course, Messier constantly insists that trees cause more pollution than automobiles do. But he contradicts himself when he says that his blessing is the equivalent of a papal imprimatur. In effect, the deep-seated, unbridled hatred that his proxies have for us is visceral and inculcated from cradle to grave. This is not what I think; this is what I know. I additionally know that it is probably safe to assume that Messier’s actions are simply counterproductive to society. I know you’re wondering why I just wrote that. I’ll explain shortly, but first, I should state that if Fate desired that Messier make a correct application of what he had read about mysticism it would have to indicate title and page number since the uncompanionable ragamuffin would otherwise never in all his life find the correct place. But since Fate does not do this, if Messier got his way, he’d be able to depressurize the frail vessel of human hopes. Brrrr! It sends chills down my spine just thinking about that.
Messier’s views are like hothouse plants. They shoot up but they lack the strength to defy the years and withstand heavy storms. Messier’s idea of silly extremism is no political belief. It is a fierce and burning gospel of hatred and intolerance, of murder and destruction, and the unloosing of a dodgy blood-lust. It is, in every sense, an insidious and pagan religion that incites its worshippers to a mindless frenzy and then prompts them to prevent people from thinking and visualizing beyond an increasingly psychologically caged existence. Messier insists that jujuism is a noble goal. How can he be so blind? Very easily. Basically, Messier is a shoo-in for this year’s awarding of “most lackluster use of nihilism”. Have you noticed that that hasn’t been covered at all by the mainstream media? Maybe they’re afraid that Messier will retaliate by giving rise to otiose wimps.
Think of Messier’s asseverations as being the sum of two components: a dotty component that consists of Messier’s desire to make human life negligible and cheap and a witless component that consists of everything else. We are concerned primarily with the former. Whenever Messier announces that he is the one who will lead us to our great shining future, his torchbearers applaud on cue and the accolades are long and ostentatious. What’s funny is that they don’t provide similar feedback whenever I tell them that it doesn’t do us much good to become angry and wave our arms and shout about the evils of Messier’s squibs in general terms. If we want other people to agree with us and join forces with us, then we must fight for what is right. I want you to know that his desire to siphon off scarce international capital intended for underdeveloped countries is incontrovertible evidence that Messier harbors some benighted grudges. Knowing, as they say, is half the battle. What remains is to reinforce the contentions of all reasonable people and confute those of unscrupulous, high-handed heretics.
Given this context, we need to return to the idea that motivated this letter: Messier somehow manages to get away with spreading lies (might makes right), distortions (advertising is the most veridical form of human communication), and misplaced idealism (he is omnipotent). However, when I try to respond in kind, I get censored faster than you can say “roentgenographically”. At one point, I actually believed that he would stop being so misinformed. Silly me. In these days of political correctness and the changing of how history is taught in schools to fulfill a particular agenda, my purpose here is not to challenge his brutal assumptions about merit. Well, okay, it is. But I should point out that he has been trying to raise funds for scientific studies that “prove” that we can all live together happily without laws, like the members of some 1960s-style dope-smoking commune. This is what’s called “advocacy research” or “junk science” because it’s funded by barbaric yobbos who have already decided that genocide, slavery, racism, and the systematic oppression, degradation, and exploitation of most of the world’s people are all absolutely justified.
One of the enduring effects of Messier’s doctrines is surely the way they will produce culturally degenerate films and tapes. I doubtlessly want to talk about the big picture: I am aware that many people may object to the severity of my language. But is there no cause for severity? Naturally, I, for one, avouch that there is because implying that courtesy and manners don’t count for anything is no different from implying that it’s okay to put political correctness ahead of scientific rigor. Both statements are ludicrous. It seems clear that as witnesses to mankind’s inner dissatisfaction, we must drive off and disperse the hotheaded stumblebums who teach officious concepts to children. But we ought to look at the matter in a broader framework before we draw final conclusions on the subject: We see that Messier’s ability to capitalize on the economic chaos, racial tensions, and social discontent of the current historical moment can be explained in large part by the following. Messier maintains that every word that leaves his mouth is teeming with useful information. This is hardly the case. Rather, there is growing evidence that says, to the contrary, that he fears nothing more than the exposure of his motives and activities. But there is a further-reaching implication: Today, we might have let Messier irrationalize thinking on every issue. Tomorrow, we won’t. Instead, we will debunk the nonsense spouted by Messier’s spokesmen.
Here’s some food for thought: One can usually be pretty sure when Messier’s lying. Sometimes there’s a little doubt: maybe it’s not a deliberate lie but merely a difference of opinion. But when Messier claims that his expositions will spread enlightenment to the masses, nurture democracy, reestablish the bonds of community, bring us closer to God, and generally work to the betterment of Man and society, there’s no room for ambiguity: he’s clearly lying. Although the themes in his disquisitions are limited, he says it is within his legal right to gag the innocent accused from protesting immoralism-motivated prosecutions. Whether or not he indeed has such a right, Messier’s more than effrontive. He’s mega-effrontive. In fact, to understand just how effrontive Messier is, you first need to realize that he and his gofers are, by nature, possession-obsessed, irritating criminal masterminds. Not only can that nature not be changed by window-dressing or persiflage, but the point is that if everyone spent just five minutes a day thinking about ways to teach coldhearted goofy-types about tolerance, we’d all be a lot better off. Is five minutes a day too much to ask for the promise of a better tomorrow? I hope not, but then again, I am intellectually honest enough to admit my own previous ignorance in that matter. I wish only that Messier had the same intellectual honesty.
What do we owe Messier? Nothing, absolutely nothing. If he claims otherwise, we have to stand firm and point out that if you think that this is humorous or exaggerated, you’re wrong.
My love for people necessitates that I invigorate the effort to reach solutions by increasing the scope of the inquiry rather than by narrowing or abandoning it. Yes, I face opposition from Messier. However, this is not a reason to quit but to strive harder. If anything will free us from the shackles of his mumpish policies, it’s knowledge of the world as it really is. It’s knowledge that many people who follow Messier’s traducements have come to the erroneous conclusion that a totalitarian dictatorship is the best form of government we could possibly have. The stark truth of the matter is that this is not the place to develop that subject. It demands many pages of analysis, which I can’t spare in this letter. Instead, I’ll just state the key point, which is that his hypocrisy is transparent. Even the least discerning among us can see right through it.
What’s the difference between Messier’s shock troops and daft, soporific chiselers? If you answered “nothing”, then go to the front of the class; you’re absolutely right. If I could ask Messier one thing, I’d ask him why he thinks he has the trappings of deity. The problem is that Messier shrinks from such questions like a vampire shrinks from a crucifix. You’d be more likely to get Messier to admit that we must advance freedom in countries strangled by tyranny. Those who claim otherwise do so only to justify their own petty, disaffected tracts. We don’t have to stand for this! I have no set opinion as to whether or not I recommend that we make his sententious monographs understood, resisted, and made the object of deserved contempt by young and old alike. I do, however, obviously suspect that this is where the rubber hits the road. That much is crystal clear. But did you know that Messier’s memoranda have a tremendous infiltrating force and a serious degenerative power? That’s why I’m telling you that it’s really not bloody-mindedness that compels me to reach the broadest possible audience with the message that I have absolutely nothing in common with Messier. It’s my sense of responsibility to you, the reader.
You may balk at this, but it has long been obvious to attentive observers that you’ll never hear Messier admit he made a mistake. But did you know that he expresses a dim-witted nostalgia for a uniform, unchallenging, homogeneous society that never really existed? He doesn’t want you to know that because he is the embodiment of everything petty in our lives. Every grievance, every envy, every stinking, abysmal ideology finds expression in Messier. Okay, I’ve vented enough frustration. So let me end by saying that Messier’s mercenaries realize that if their aims were sufficiently revealed, an informed public would have the power to upset their well-laid plans.
SOMEONE was bored…….
Seconded.
A well thought out argument my good fellow. Shall we discuss our political and platonic relationship over tea and crumpets?
I would suggest getting a life.
I would suggest getting a sense of humor.
I would suggest both. I would also suggest this: STFU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I really hope you didn’t write all this yourself and just added his name in needed places.
Hypocritism has the same effect as dividing by zero. The universe is now out to get you.
way 2 have a lyf. :-l
Congratulations! You discovered the copy and paste feature!
Wow, I didn’t know the stuff was flammable! O_O
It has plenty of alcohol in it.
yeah and because of that, we’re not allowed to have it in my high school.
“hey guys! let’s go drink some hand sanitizer and get TRAAAASHED”
XD You just made my day!
That vid was SWEET!
What if we covered a zombie with hand sanitizer, and…well, you see where this is going.
also for making me feel like such a stereotypical american here in europe. i always have it with me and the spaniards think it´s hilarious.
germs!!! Germs!! GERMS!!!!!!
I think the part of the graph for use as a sanitizer should be bigger, but other than that it’s very accurate from my experience!
The colors should be reversed. It’s not possible to find the cuts without actually using it.
Lemon juice is equally good for finding cuts. Such as when you are squeezing it on your scampi in a large restaurant, and you realise that you have a cut on your thumb, and then you realise that you can’t give vent to your feelings by going “AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHTHATHURTS!” so instead you bite your lip – which doesn’t help when the lemon coated scampi then touches said lip a few minutes later…..
lol. Awesome imagery.
My favorite is when I’m getting a lemon to put on a guest’s glass (I work in a restaurant) and I get lemon juice on my finger. And then I ignore it, grab a knife to cut it (so it perches attractively on the rim of the glass) and it SQUIRTS CITRIC ACID STRAIGHT INTO MY EYE. True story.
See, its for this reason that I truly think Laser Guidance was invented by Citrus fruit. Its got some natural homing feature. Not that i much like citrus fruit anyway.
Third use: Napalm. My brother was a pyro and used to drip it on bugs and light it. It burns very hot with a blue flame for a long time as well. Keep some in your car in case you get lost and need a fire.
YYYYYEEEEEEAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Last?
Not quite.
I know where all my cuts are.
And another use for hand sanitizer=sniffing. They should put an inhalation warning on the bottle. That’s lethal.
I love the smell of Germ-X.